Sino-Japanese relations, Shiu Hing Mission

Resource type
Title
Sino-Japanese relations, Shiu Hing Mission
Abstract
Confidential political intelligence report issued by the General Consulate of Portugal in Canton on 31 January 1939, documenting conditions in Japanese-occupied South China during the Sino-Japanese Conflict. The document, part of a series of periodic reports (No. 20, reference 267–270, 276), examines Japanese occupation policies in Canton and Guangdong Province, focusing on forced repatriation of refugees, economic exploitation, public health deterioration, and systematic appropriation of property under military control. It analyses political dynamics including Chiang Kai-shek’s delayed resistance, the contested patriotism of Wang Jingwei’s peace advocacy, and public scepticism toward Japanese diplomatic overtures. The report details coercive tactics used to repopulate Canton, including forced displacement from surrounding villages and deceptive resettlement campaigns extending to Macau. Infrastructure such as schools and transport is described as reorganised for Japanese ideological and logistical purposes without substantive investment. Widespread squalor, absence of basic utilities, and unhygienic living conditions are recorded, alongside arbitrary security levies and unchecked criminal activity. The text further notes repeated violations of Portuguese interests, including the seizure of cargo from Portuguese vessels near Shameen and the looting of Dr. John Tong’s residence. Ecclesiastical properties along the West River, previously declared to Japanese authorities, were bombed, causing substantial damage. Despite formal protests, accountability remains absent. The report concludes that Japanese occupation, marked by repression and economic strain, fails to gain popular acceptance and mirrors broader patterns across occupied China.
Date
1939
Archive
Portugal. Arquivo Diplomático e Biblioteca do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros
Loc. in Archive
Arquivo Consulado de Portugal em Cantao
Short Title
Short report about Shiu Hing Mission
Call Number
s16.e57.P4/88958
Extra
Processo 21-F2
Notes

Transcription

Page 1

Consulado de Portugal
CANTÃO
1939
PROCESSO No. 21-F2
CONFLITO
SINO-NIPÓNICO

Assunto Informações periódicas sobre a situação no Sul
da China. (Informações políticas).


Page 2

CONSULADO GERAL DE PORTUGAL EM CANTÃO

Informação Política No....20......

CONFLITO SINO-NIPONICO

Situação no sul da China.

CONFIDENCIAL

Cantão, 31 de Janeiro de 1939.


Page 3

CONSULADO GERAL DE PORTUGAL
CANTÃO

267
INF. POL. NO. 20

é certo, mas vem, com os comunistas chineses.
É curioso observar que, desde longo tempo, foi sempre o
marechal Chiang Kai Shek adversário de guerrear o Japão, ou por conhecer
que não podia resistir ou por não estar ainda preparado para esta luta.
Foram o Jovem Marechal Chang Hsueh Liang e os políticos
entre os quais Wang Ching Wei que o obrigaram a tomar a atitude de re-
sistência que finalmente veiu a ser o quasi universal credo da China, de
Hoje, e da qual só pode sair, na sua formula: PAZ COM HONRA.
-- Poderá ser vista realmente esta atitude de Wang Ching
Wei, como uma atitude patriótica, digna, pela coragem moral que ela re-
presenta, propor paz com o Japão a um país cheio de ódios, esquecendo
as violências e morticínios exercidos há quase dois anos?
-- Poderá a China acreditar nas solenes palavras do Prin-
cipe Konoye, como o seu discurso "ramo de oliveira", se toda a China sa-
be que quem manda no Japão não é ele, mas sim o exército?!

ACTIVIDADES JAPONESAS EM CANTÃO

Com todos os pomposos anúncios e convites a volta de chi-
neses á cidade continua a ser muito vagorosa. Ainda só aqueles a queima
fome começa a bater a porta, voltam á procura das suas perdidas casas e
pertences. Não os convida porem a ficar, o aspecto e a nova ordem de
coisas. Nas poucas ruas abertas, a população, e onde a mesma está con-
finada, o barulho, a desordem, a porcaria e o jogo são as unicas reali-
dades palpaveis e visiveis. Em cada porta há uma casa de fantan. Nos
andares mais escondidos, fumatórios de ópio. Para aqueles que ainda
pretendem uma segurança, apenas teorica, claro, um chamado corpo volun-


Page 4

CONSULADO GERAL DE PORTUGAL
CANTÃO

268
Inf. Pol. No. 20

tário de segurança, cobra a diario para essa mesma duvidosa segurança
15 centimos. Esta quantia não seria exagerada nos tempos que correm,
se não fosse repetida a cobrança algumas vezes por dia, tornando-se
assim uma tfanquillidade mais do que cara, ruinosa, acrescentando que se
o pagamento não é imediato quem faz a desordem é precisamente aquele que
cobra para a evitar.

Higiene já era difícil mantê-la, mas agora quem pode pensar nisso se há três meses que as ruas não são limpas!! Como se pode pensar em higiene se não há trabalho, nem há água, nem luz em toda a cidade. Como se pode pedir higiene na alimentação se não há alimentação. Ratos, cães, gatos e todo o bicho que por aqui popula, desaparecem nos estomagos dos esfomeados ou nas cosinhas ambulantes que circulam na cidade, sem que as autoridades japonesas intervenham nesta extravagancia culinaria.

Buses e escolas foram postas a funcionar, mas as escolas para ensinar o Japonês e os buses por conta de uma companhia sino-japonesa que não era a antiga, nem entrou com capital algum. Apenas tiveram o trabalho de limpar alguns carros abandonados pelo pessoal da antiga companhia. Esta maneira de estabelecer empresas sem capital é segundo parece uma forma proverbial dos Japoneses onde quer que cheguem. Não há assim dificuldades de emitir acções nem procurar accionistas. O que se encontra organisa-se e explora-se. Hoteis, casas de commercio, barbeiros, mercados, tudo quanto os Japoneses podem encontrar, aproveitam, entram, assentam-se, põem uma bandeira japonesa na porta e automaticamente passam a propriedade japonesa, sem reflexões nem reclamações.

Mas a cidade continua sem vida e sem futuro. Quem tem dinheiro segue para a Indo-China, mais para o Sul, ou para o interior.


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CONSULADO GERAL DE PORTUGAL
CANTÃO

269
Inf. Pol. No. 20

Para atrair de todas as formas o regresso a Cantão, teem
os Japoneses empregado os mais variados estratagemas e engodos.umas
vezes, uma brigada de soldados vai pelas aldeias proximas que ficam en-
tre a cidade e os limites da sua ocupação e enxotam, é o termo, todos os
chineses, sós ou acompanhados, que encontram, para a cidade onde dizem,
lhes darão arroz e casa. Há naturalmente a seguir a esta pressão, uma
avalanche de gente pobre que aqui chega e aqui se abandona ao roubo ou
a contemplação, pois trabalhar só para os Japoneses e de graça.

Noutra semana, como medida de higiene e de limpeza, che-
gam a outra pobre aldeia e lançam fogo às casas de restos e caixas, uni-
cas existentes e onde há muito viviam os pobres chineses. Novas vindas
para a cidade e novos famintos.

Agora a sua acção é mais a distancia. Agora vão a Macau
buscar os Chineses refugiados de Cantão. Uma companhia de vapores a que
requisitaram os barcos, dando-lhes o nome de transportes militares, para
não pagar despachos nem cumprir formalidades, estabeleceu uma carreira
para Macau, três vezes por semana. O transporte para ali custa dinheiro
mas a volta é gratuita. Os transportes de moveis e bagagens são tambem
grátis, comida e tudo quanto fôr preciso para êles aqui voltem é facili-
tado. Assim, têm realmente voltado alguns centenares na fagueira espe-
rança de que vir encontrar a sue terra arruinada mas em ordem e em movi-
mento. A realidade porem leva-os a voltar a pé novamente para Macau,
onde se não vivem bem, pelo menos não vêem os seus lares em ruinas e os
esfomeados a exigir o que lhes não podem dar: alimentos.

Todo o Chinês que quizer voltar a Cantão, mesmo que se
encontre em Hongkong, pode pedir passagem que lhe será fornecida, pois
o transporte é gratuito para si, família e bagagens.


Page 6

CONSULADO GERAL DE PORTUGAL
CANTÃO

270
Inf. Pol. No. 20

Estes mesmos transportes trazem as malas, único meio permitido pelos Japoneses á vinda do correio estrangeiro, e mesmo assim sujeita á censura; inevitavel preocupação dos Japoneses.
Este estado de coisas, esta situação, é no fim de contas a repetição do que acontece pela China fora nas áreas ocupadas pelos Japoneses.
Nem a bem nem a mal encontram os filhos do Sol Nascente a aceitação da sua tutela. O esgotamento economico é lento. A ocupação vai fazendo-se, mas o Imperio do Japão vai-se arruinando com a necessidade de de manter um exercito em toda a China sem esperanças de tranquilidade. Contudo novas ofensivas serão lançadas quando o frio começar a ser menor

PROVINCIA DE KUANGTUNG

Dados Geograficos
e Limites

Capital - Centão (Kuong-Chau-Si).
População - 34.000.000 de habitantes.
Superficie - 259.000 km2.

Norte - Fukien, Kiangsi e Hunan.
Oeste - Kuangsi e Tonkin.
Sul - Golfo de Tonkin.
Este - Mar da China, Oceano Pacifico.

Os recentes acontecimentos e a facil conquista da mais rica provincia do Sul da China não implicam na apreciação do valor dela nem no auxilio e ajuda que durante todo o tempo desde o inicio das hostilidades esta parte do Sul deu á resistencia conduzida pelo Marechal Chia Kai Shek.
A sua entrega sem combate não diminui o seu enorme esfor-


Page 7

[Transcription failed: Validation failed - excessive repetition or hallucination detected]


Page 8

CONSULADO GERAL DE PORTUGAL
CANTÃO

276
INF. POL. NO. 20

Ao pedir a protecção para os barcos portugueses ancorados
perto de Shameen, segue-se no prazo de 48 horas um assalto japonês aos
mesmos barcos. Do assalto levaram 106 caixas de tabaco.

Dias depois de terem sido assinaladas as propriedades do
cidadão português Dr. John Tong, foi a residência dêste, que se encon-
trava ausente, assaltada e roubada por militares japoneses.

Repetidas vezes foi assignalada a posição das nossas Mis-
sões em Shiu-Hing, no Rio de Oeste, as últimas das quais foram 6 de De-
zembro de 1938 e 12 e 20 de Janeiro de 1939.

Posteriormente, a aviação japonesa destruía as Missões,
causando um prejuízo que Sua Excelência Rev.ma. o Sr. Bispo de Macau calcu-
la em HK$100.000,00.

Os protestos foram sempre feitos oportunamente, mas, pare
ce, à primeira impressão, que preguntam onde estão as propriedades para
as atacarem depois.

Consulado Geral de Portugal em Cantão, 31 de Janeiro de
1939.

[SEAL: CIRCULAR STAMP OF THE CONSULATE GENERAL OF PORTUGAL IN CANTON]

Consul Geral .

Translation

Page 1

Consulate of Portugal
CANTON
1939
CASE No. 21-F2
SINO-JAPANESE CONFLICT

Subject: Periodic reports on the situation in South China. (Political intelligence).


Page 2

--- ORIGINAL TEXT ---
GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL IN CANTON

Political Report No. ...20......

SINO-JAPANESE CONFLICT

Situation in Southern China.

CONFIDENTIAL

Canton, 31 January 1939.


Page 3

--- TRANSLATION ---
GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL
CANTON

267
POL. INF. NO. 20

It is certain, but cooperation comes alongside the Chinese Communists.
It is noteworthy that for a long time Marshal Chiang Kai-shek opposed waging war against Japan—either because he knew China could not withstand it, or because he was not yet prepared for such a conflict. It was the Young Marshal Zhang Xueliang and certain political figures, among them Wang Jingwei, who compelled him to adopt a stance of resistance—a position which eventually became the near-universal creed in China today, encapsulated in the formula: PEACE WITH HONOUR.

— Can Wang Jingwei’s position genuinely be regarded as patriotic and dignified, given the moral courage it allegedly represents, in proposing peace with Japan to a nation steeped in hatred, while disregarding the violence and massacres committed over the past two years?
— Can China truly believe the solemn assurances of Prince Konoye, such as his so-called "olive branch" speech, when it is widely known throughout China that real power in Japan lies not with him, but with the military?

JAPANESE ACTIVITIES IN CANTON

Despite all the grand announcements and invitations encouraging Chinese residents to return to the city, the rate of repatriation remains extremely sluggish. Only those for whom destitution is beginning to knock at their door are returning, seeking out their lost homes and belongings. However, the prevailing conditions and the new order of affairs offer little incentive to remain. In the few streets that have been reopened—and where the population remains largely confined—noise, disorder, filth, and gambling constitute the only tangible and visible realities. At nearly every doorway there is a fan-tan gambling house; in the more secluded upper floors, opium dens operate openly. For those still seeking even a theoretical degree of security, there exists a so-called volunteer corps—


Page 4

--- TRANSLATION ---

GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL
CANTON

268
Political Information No. 20

The security officer charges fifteen centimos daily for this very questionable sense of security. This sum would not be excessive under current circumstances, were it not collected multiple times a day, thereby transforming what little tranquillity exists into something more than costly—indeed ruinous. Moreover, should payment not be made immediately, it is precisely the collector himself who instigates the disorder he claims to prevent.

Hygiene was already difficult to maintain, but how can one even consider it now, when the streets have not been cleaned for three months? How can hygiene be expected when there is no work, no water, and no electricity throughout the city? How can one demand hygienic standards in food when there is no food at all? Rats, dogs, cats, and every other creature inhabiting the area disappear into the stomachs of the starving or into makeshift street kitchens that circulate freely through the city, with Japanese authorities taking no action against this extraordinary culinary practice.

Buses and schools have been reinstated, though the schools serve primarily to teach Japanese, while the bus service has been taken over by a Sino-Japanese company—neither the original operator nor one that introduced any capital investment. Their only effort consisted in cleaning up several vehicles abandoned by staff of the former company. This method of establishing enterprises without capital appears to be a characteristic trait wherever the Japanese establish themselves. There is accordingly no difficulty in issuing shares or seeking shareholders; whatever is found is simply organised and exploited. Hotels, commercial establishments, barbershops, markets—everything the Japanese encounter is appropriated, occupied, and settled. A Japanese flag is placed at the entrance, and instantly, without discussion or protest, the property becomes Japanese.

Yet the city remains lifeless and devoid of future prospects. Those with money continue to depart for Indochina, further south, or into the interior.


Page 5

--- TRANSLATION ---
GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL
CANTON

269
Inf. Pol. No. 20

The Japanese have employed a variety of stratagems and deceptions in every possible way to induce the return of people to Canton. At times, a military detachment is sent into the villages near the city, located between the urban centre and the limits of their occupation, to drive out—this is the precise term—all Chinese individuals, whether alone or accompanied, whom they encounter, directing them towards the city where they are promised rice and housing. Naturally, following this coercion, there ensues an influx of destitute people arriving here, only to be left either to theft or idle despair, since any work available must be performed for the Japanese and without pay.

In another instance, under the pretext of hygiene and sanitation measures, troops arrive at another impoverished village and set fire to the huts and makeshift dwellings—the only shelters available—which had long served as homes for poor Chinese families. This results once again in fresh waves of displaced persons entering the city and swelling the ranks of the hungry.

More recently, their efforts have extended further afield. The Japanese now travel to Macau to retrieve Chinese refugees who had fled from Canton. A shipping company, whose vessels have been requisitioned by the authorities and designated as "military transports" in order to avoid customs formalities and port dues, has established a regular service to Macau three times per week. Although passage to Macau must be paid for by the traveller, the return journey to Canton is provided free of charge. Transport of furniture and personal belongings is also offered gratis, and provisions, along with all other necessities required for resettlement, are reportedly facilitated. As a result, several hundred individuals have indeed returned, buoyed by the hopeful expectation of finding their homeland ruined but orderly and gradually recovering. However, the reality they encounter soon compels them to walk back to Macau once more—where, although life remains difficult, they are at least spared the sight of their homes in ruins and the desperate demands of starving neighbours whom they cannot feed.

Any Chinese person wishing to return to Canton, even if currently residing in Hong Kong, may request passage, which will be granted. Transportation is provided free of charge for the individual, their family, and their luggage.


Page 6

--- TRANSLATION ---

GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL
CANTON

270
Political Information No. 20

These same transports carry the mailbags—the only means permitted by the Japanese for the delivery of foreign correspondence, and even then subject to censorship; an inevitable concern on the part of the Japanese authorities.
This state of affairs, this situation, is ultimately a repetition of what occurs throughout China in areas occupied by the Japanese.
Neither willingly nor under duress do the sons of the Rising Sun find acceptance of their tutelage. Economic exhaustion proceeds gradually. Occupation continues to advance, yet the Empire of Japan is itself being ruined by the necessity of maintaining an army across all of China, without any prospect of achieving stability. Nevertheless, new offensives are expected to be launched once the cold season begins to abate.

PROVINCE OF KWANGTUNG (GUANGDONG)

Geographical Data
and Boundaries

Capital – Canton (Kuang-chou-fu).
Population – 34,000,000 inhabitants.
Area – 259,000 km².

North – Fukien (Fujian), Kiangsi (Jiangxi), and Hunan.
West – Kwangsi (Guangxi) and Tonkin.
South – Gulf of Tonkin.
East – South China Sea, Pacific Ocean.

Recent events and the relatively easy conquest of China’s wealthiest southern province do not diminish an assessment of its intrinsic value, nor the significant support and assistance that this southern region has consistently provided to the resistance movement led by Marshal Chiang Kai-shek since the outbreak of hostilities.
Its surrender without battle does not detract from its immense contribution—


Page 7

--- ORIGINAL TEXT ---
[Transcription failed: Validation failed - excessive repetition or hallucination detected]

--- TRANSLATION ---
The transcription of the original archival document could not be completed due to validation failure caused by excessive repetition or spurious content generation detected during processing. This may indicate issues with the source material, such as illegible handwriting, duplicated entries, palimpsest text, or technical errors in digitisation. For scholarly accuracy, it is recommended that the original manuscript be reviewed manually by a qualified archivist or palaeographer specialising in Portuguese colonial records. Such anomalies are not uncommon in historical administrative documents from the 16th–20th centuries, particularly those originating from overseas territories where record-keeping conditions were variable. Further analysis may require access to microfilm copies, contextual cross-referencing with related archival series (e.g., Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Lisbon), or consultation with domain experts in Lusophone imperial history.


Page 8

--- TRANSLATION ---

GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL
CANTON

276
POL. INF. NO. 20

Following the request for protection for Portuguese vessels anchored near Shameen, a Japanese raid on these same vessels occurred within 48 hours. During the attack, 106 cases of tobacco were seized.

Several days after the properties of the Portuguese citizen Dr. John Tong had been marked or identified, his residence—while he was absent—was broken into and looted by Japanese military personnel.

On repeated occasions, the locations of our Missions in Shiu-Hing, on the West River, were communicated to the relevant authorities; the most recent notifications having been made on 6 December 1938 and 12 and 20 January 1939.

Subsequently, Japanese aircraft destroyed these Missions, causing damage which His Excellency the Most Reverend Bishop of Macau estimates at HK$100,000.00.

Protests have consistently been lodged promptly; yet, it appears at first glance as though the authorities are being asked to explain how enemy forces were able to locate these properties in order to target them.

General Consulate of Portugal in Canton,
31 January 1939.

[SEAL: CIRCULAR STAMP OF THE GENERAL CONSULATE OF PORTUGAL IN CANTON]

Consul General

Citation
Sino-Japanese relations, Shiu Hing Mission (Arquivo Consulado de Portugal em Cantao). (1939). Portugal. Arquivo Diplomático e Biblioteca do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros. http://43.156.68.124/docs/TFAE3PHS/viewer_TFAE3PHS.html