Full bibliography

During the 1960s, the Portuguese fought three colonial wars in Africa that indirectly impacted Macao. Prima facie evidence from textbooks and documents suggests that the Portuguese used education as a weapon in their fight against liberation movements. There is ample evidence showing clear nationalist and militarist themes in numerous textbooks. Nationalist values were also inculcated through the Mocidade Portuguesa (MP) and the Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina (MPF). In addition, a cordial and close co-operation between Macao and Portuguese Africa was seen in the sharing of educational information. Macao was the anomaly in the Portuguese Empire, with only a limited number of official schools being subject to the nationalist curriculum values. During archival research at the Archives of Macao, the author discovered several documents outlining an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to set up a university in Macao in 1949, with the provisional name being ‘The University of South China’. The information is contained in an appendix.