Peste Bubónica em Cantão

Resource type
Title
Peste Bubónica em Cantão
Abstract
This 1894 diplomatic dispatch, issued by Demetius Cinatti, Portuguese Consul in Canton, documents an outbreak of bubonic plague in two native districts of Canton (Guangzhou) during April 1894. Addressed to the Portuguese Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the report summarises medical observations from Dr. Alexander Rennie, physician to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, and Dr. Swan, director of the American Mission Hospital, both of whom assessed the epidemiological situation as locally contained and not alarmingly contagious. The document details clinical symptoms—including violent fevers, gangrenous inflammations, and buboes in the groin, axillae, or neck—and notes higher mortality among women and children, attributed to their indoor domestic lifestyle. While Chinese sources reported up to 200 cases by 24 April, European medical observers regarded these figures as exaggerated, citing poor reporting and conflation of all deaths with plague. The outbreak was associated with unsanitary conditions and seasonal miasmatic influences, particularly in impoverished peripheral neighbourhoods. An unconfirmed resurgence was reported in a suburban district across the river on 28 April, but on-site inspection by the Consul and medical personnel failed to verify its extent. Two additional cases were admitted to the American Mission Hospital, though both were moribund upon arrival. The report highlights discrepancies between local accounts and Western medical assessments, and underscores the perceived decline of the disease by late April. This primary source offers critical insights into colonial-era public health perceptions, cross-cultural medical interpretation, and epidemic response in late Qing China.
Date
Abril-maio, 1895
Language
pt-PT
Short Title
Bubonic plague in Canton
Archive
Portugal. Arquivo Diplomático e Biblioteca do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros
Loc. in Archive
Caixa 573
Call Number
S16.E24.P12/87274
Extra
8
Notes

Transcription

Page 1

CONSULADO
DE
PORTUGAL
EM
CANTÃO

Série de
1894
Nº 6 B.

Cantão, 30 de Abril de 1894.

Illmo E mo Sr.

Tenho a honra de me
chuir cópia d'um offício que, nesta
data, dirigi ao Ministério do Reino
ácerca d'uma molesta de peste que,
não contagiosamente, e restrictamente
localisada debaixo do porto de vista ef
démico, grassa em dois bairros da cida
de de Cantão.

Deus Guarde a VEx.
Illmo E mo Sr. Ministro e Secretário d'Estâdo
dos Negócios Estrangeiros.

[UNCERTAIN: guess]


Page 2

CONSULADO
DE
PORTUGAL
EM
CANTÃO

Série de
1894.
Nº 44.

cópia

Ilmo Exmo Sr.

Cumpre me levar ao alto conhecimento de VExa que em dous bairros indígenas da cidade de Cantão onde, assim como em toda a cidade, nesta época do anno, é maior a mortalidade, se têm dado casos de pestê bubônica, cujo número não é possível fixar, havendo grandes exageros nas notícias de origem Chinesa, que atribue todas as mortes à doença predominante. O Sr. Dr. Alexander Rennie, médico da alfândega imperial chinesa neste porto, apenas teve ocasião de ver dous casos, considerando de gravidade a dita doença, pela sua natureza semelhante à pestê que teve lugar em Londres em 1663; mas não a considera grave sob o ponto de vista epidémico, visto que prevalece em dous bairros próximos, onde a imundice achada pelo calor da época, forma um ambiente miasmático muito propício ao desenvolvimento de dita doença, que de preferência ataca as mulheres e crianças, que, pelo sistema de vida da Chinesa, vivem quase sempre dentro...


Page 3

de casa.

Parece que foi pelos fins de Março que os primeiros casos appareceram com effeito quasi fulminante; mas não constou aos europeus senão no fim da 1ª década do mez corrente, sendo em 9 que o Sr. Di Renne viu o primeiro dos dous casos que lhe foram accessíveis; era porém mais benigno, e dadas as condições do inverno e a prevalencia que nesta época esta doença tem na China meridional, especialmente no Yunnan, em todas as províncias pobres, mar gens do Sikiang acima, e mesmo nos logares do Oriente em que a hygiene é inteiramente desprezada, não a julga senão como epidemnicamente localizada aos dous bairros pobres dos extre mos da cidade, para fora dos quais não consta se haja propagado.

Os symptomas eram febres violentas com morte ao fim de algumas horas no periodo fulminante; febres por 48 horas seguidas de inflamações ganglis, náres nas virilhas, axilas ou no pescoço sob a vertice do angulo facial, com morte ou remissão do quarto ou quinto dia, no período menos agudo.

É impossivel fixar o número de mortes que, sem bases seguras e por


Page 4

informações chinesas, se apreciava
em 24 do corrente em o máximo de
duzentos, sendo a população da cida,
de de dois milhões de habitantes.
Ainda por informações chinesas, de
trinta pacientes expostos moribundos
em logar próximo da porta de Norte da
cidade, recuperaram cinco. Esta infor-
mação de 5 por 30 já a ouvi em 5 por
40. Em 28 do corrente espathou se a no-
ticia de que reaparecera de novo e ain-
da em um bairro suburbano oposto
a cidade além do rio. Indo ali com o
Sr. Dr. Rennie não pôdemos verificar
a veracidade da noticia que, como to-
das as outras sobre o assumpto, são
tidas pelo dito Sr. Dr. Rennie e pelo
Sr. Dr. Swan, médico missionário
americano, director do hospital para
Chinas da missão americana, como
exageradas. Esta ultima autoridade,
indo pessoalmente inspeccionar uma
rua d'um dos dois bairros atacados on-
de o informaram houvera casos fatais
em todas as casas dos dois lados da
mesma rua, verificou não ter havido
senão um.
Como informação mais importante
devo dizer a V.ª que nem o Sr. Dr. Swan,
nem o Sr. Dr. Rennie, autoridade medica


Page 5

mais official a que possa recorrer, julgaram a moléstia contagiosa e cousti deram a como declinando de vitalidade.

Além dos dois casos que foram accessíveis ao Sr. Dr. Ronnie, no hospital da missão americana appareceram dois doentes que foram regelados por já virem morrundos e a Sra. Dr. Mary Niles, da dita Missão, referiu na minha presença e na do Sr. Dr. Ronnie, que tinha examinado dois casos com febre a 41°,4 centígrados nas suas visitas de beneficência.

Diz-se que esta moléstia causa grande mortalidade nos ratos; os Chinas dizem que ela já sumido de symptomas; e se reaparecer com carácter mais grave lerei a hora de informar a V.ª pelo telegrapho.

Deus Guarde a V.ª

Ilmo. Exmo. Sr. Ministro e Secretário d'Estado dos Negócios do Reino
(a) Demetius Cinatti.
Consul.

Está conforme ao original de que é fac simile. Consulado de Portugal em Cantão 30 de Abril de 1894.
D. Cinatti
Consul.

Translation

Page 1

--- TRANSLATED TEXT ---
PORTUGUESE CONSULATE IN CANTON
Series of 1894 No. 6 B. Canton, 30 April 1894.

Most Illustrious and Honourable Sir,

I have the honour to enclose a copy of a dispatch which, on this date, I addressed to the Ministry of the Kingdom regarding an outbreak of plague that, although not contagious in nature and strictly confined from an epidemiological standpoint to two districts of the city of Canton, is currently prevalent in the area.

May God preserve Your Excellency.

Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.


Page 2

--- TRANSLATION ---
PORTUGUESE CONSULATE IN CANTON
Series of 1894. No. 44. Copy.

To the Most Illustrious and Excellent Sir,

I have the duty to bring to your Excellency’s high attention that in two native districts of the city of Canton—where, as throughout the city during this time of year, mortality rates are higher—cases of bubonic plague have occurred. The exact number of cases cannot be determined, as reports originating from Chinese sources contain considerable exaggeration, attributing all deaths to the prevailing disease.

Dr. Alexander Rennie, physician to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs at this port, has so far had occasion to examine only two cases. He regards the disease as serious in nature, given its similarity to the plague which occurred in London in 1665; however, he does not consider it alarming from an epidemiological standpoint. The outbreak is confined to two adjacent districts, where filth exacerbated by the seasonal heat creates a miasmatic environment highly conducive to the development of the disease. The illness appears to affect primarily women and children, who, due to the customary domestic lifestyle among the Chinese population, remain almost continuously indoors.


Page 3

From the household. It appears that towards the end of March the first cases emerged with an almost fulminant course; however, news of them did not reach the Europeans until the end of the first decade of the current month, on the 9th of which Mr. Di Renne observed the first of the two cases accessible to him. This case was, however, milder in nature. Given the prevailing winter conditions and the well-known seasonal prevalence of this disease in southern China—particularly in Yunnan, throughout the poorer provinces along the upper reaches of the Sikiang River, and even in eastern regions where hygiene is entirely neglected—he regarded the outbreak as merely locally epidemic, confined to two impoverished neighbourhoods at the outer edges of the city, with no evidence of spread beyond these areas. The symptoms included violent fevers leading to death within a few hours during the fulminant phase; in less acute cases, fever persisted for approximately 48 hours, followed by gangrenous inflammations and buboes in the groin, axillae, or neck beneath the vertex of the facial angle, culminating either in death or remission by the fourth or fifth day.


Page 4

Chinese sources estimated the number of cases on the 24th of the current month to have reached a maximum of two hundred, with the city’s population standing at two million inhabitants. According to further Chinese accounts, five out of thirty patients who had been left dying in a place near the northern gate of the city subsequently recovered. I have heard this ratio reported elsewhere as five out of forty. On the 28th of the current month, news spread that the outbreak had reappeared, this time in a suburban district on the opposite side of the river from the city. When I went there accompanied by Dr. Rennie, we were unable to verify the accuracy of this report; like all other reports on the matter, it was considered exaggerated by Dr. Rennie and by Dr. Swan, the American medical missionary and director of the American Mission Hospital for Chinese patients. Dr. Swan, having personally inspected a street in one of the two affected districts—where he had been informed that fatal cases had occurred in every house on both sides of the street—found that only a single death had actually taken place. As a more significant observation, I should inform Your Excellency that neither Dr. Swan nor Dr.


Page 5

However official confirmation may be lacking, the illness has been deemed contagious, and thus it is reported as declining in vitality. In addition to the two cases accessible to Dr. Ronnie, two further patients appeared at the American Mission Hospital, both of whom were already moribund upon arrival and therefore received only palliative care. Mrs. Dr. Mary Niles, of the said Mission, stated in my presence and that of Dr. Ronnie that during her charitable visits she had examined two cases presenting with fever reaching 41.4°C. It is reported that this disease causes high mortality among rats; the Chinese assert that it has now subsided symptomatically. Should it re-emerge with increased severity, I shall inform Your Excellency immediately by telegraph.

May God preserve Your Most Illustrious and Excellent Lordship,

Minister and Secretary of State for Home Affairs.

(a) Demetius Cinatti, Consul

This is in accordance with the original document, of which this is a facsimile.

Portuguese Consulate in Canton, 30 April 1894.

D. Cinatti, Consul

Citation
Peste Bubónica em Cantão (Caixa 573). (1895). Portugal. Arquivo Diplomático e Biblioteca do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros. https://bdm-files.usj.edu.mo/f/1690740