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Lourenço, M. R. (2020). Inquisition and Empire: The Holy Office of Goa between Padroado and Propaganda Fide (1666-1681). Anuario de Historia de América Latina, 57, 87–121. https://doi.org/10.15460/jbla.57.191

During the dispute between Portugal and the Holy See over the rights of Patronage (Padroado real) in Asia, the Inquisition played a secondary role in the legal allegations of the Crown. In the local context of the controversies with the apostolic vicars sent by the Congregation de Propaganda Fide, priests and missionaries of the Portuguese Padroado saw the Holy Office as an instrument to defend the rights of the Crown, arresting and excommunicating on behalf of the tribunal. Imperial agents in the Estado da Índia envisioned the Inquisition as an instrument for claiming jurisdictional rights over territory, while they also faced conflicts with the inquisitors.

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Menegon, E. (2018). Interlopers at the Fringes of Empire: The Procurators of the Propaganda Fide Papal Congregation in Canton and Macao, 1700–1823. Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 7(1), 30–69. https://doi.org/10.1353/ach.2018.0002

The office of the procurator of the papal Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide) offers a unique case study of noncommercial interloping in the long eighteenth century in the Pearl River Delta, and reveals the complexity and fluidity of life at the intersection of Asian and European maritime environments in that special human ecosystem. The oceanic infrastructure of the Age of Sail and the Sino-Western trade system in Canton sustained the Catholic missionary enterprise in Asia, and the professional figure of the procurator represented its economic and political linchpin. Procurators were agents connected with both European and Qing imperial formations, yet not directly at their service. They utilized existing maritime trade networks to their own advantage without being integral parts of those networks’ economic mechanisms. All the while, they subverted Qing prohibitions against Christianity. Using sources preserved in Rome, this article offers new insights into the global mechanisms of trade, communication, and religious exchange embodied by the procurators-interlopers and their networks, with significant implications for the history of the Sino-Western trade system, Qing policies toward the West and Christianity, and the history of Asian Catholic missions.

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Pizzorusso, G. (2017). Governare le missioni, conoscere il mondo nel XVII secolo: la Congregazione pontificia De Propaganda Fide. Edizioni Sette città.

Malekandathil, P. (2011). Cross, Sword and Conflicts: A Study of the Political Meanings of the Struggle between the Padroado Real and the Propaganda Fide. Studies in History, 27(2), 251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0257643012459418

Geographical explorations and the subsequent intensification of external commerce made many political actors of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries AD drag in religion and its various institutions as pliable devices for strengthening their claims of monopoly and control over the political and commercial life of the newly discovered regions. In the midst of these developments, the pre-colonial struggles for appropriating surplus from the European possessions in Asia were at times in the form of struggles between different religious institutions and administrative machineries within the same belief system professed by the various European powers. These conflicts often arose when some of the religious institutions, which were devised at different points of time in history to transmit various types of spiritual experiences to the believers, were appropriated by power-mongers for realizing their political and economic agenda. One of the religious institutions that were often utilized for political purposes during the early modern period was the church administrative system of patronage or the Patronato that the Spaniards introduced in America and the Padroado Real that the Portuguese set up in Asia. As per the right of patronage that the Pope conceded in AD 1455, the Portuguese Crown became the sole authority that could send missionaries to the lands controlled by the Lusitanians, which eventually created a certain type of monopoly for them in matters of Christianity in areas under their influence and kept missionaries of other nationalities out of Asian and Brazilian soil. When the religious issues in Asia began to get increasingly embroiled in the politics of the times, thanks to the dominance of Lusitanian interests in the Padroado system, Pope Gregory XV devised the Propaganda Fide in AD 1622 as an alternative church administrative system for Asia, which in fact was meant to provide opportunities basically for non-Portuguese people, both Indians and Europeans, for missionary work in Asia. However, this led to a chain of conflicts between the ecclesiastical administrative institutions of the Padroado Real and those of the Propaganda Fide, in Asia in general and India in particular, where the core issues of contestation began to revolve around matters of politics and the exercise of power. The central purpose of this article is to examine the nuanced nature of the conflicts that arose between the church administrative systems of the Padroado and the Propaganda at different points in time and also to see how the religious conflicts were appropriated and politicized by the various European colonial powers to further their politico-economic agenda in India.

Prabhu, W. P. D. (2005). “Padroado Versus Propaganda Fide”: The Jurisdictional Conflict Between Portugal and Rome: State – Church Relations in Sixteenth-Seventeenth – Eighteenth Century Indo-Portuguese History, Its Repercussion on Konkani Roman Catholics of Coastal Karnataka. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 66, 974–998. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145912

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Sorge, G. (1985). Il “padroado” regio e la S. Congregazione “De propaganda fide” nei secoli XIV-XVII. CLUEB.

Pavese, F. (1963). Prima forma di gerarchia missionaria alle origini di Propaganda Fide: Il Prefetto Apostolico delle missioni. Ed. Urbanianae.

O Real Padroado Portuguez do Oriente e a Propaganda Fide. (1885). Typ. da Casa Minerva.

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Ofício do Leal Senado da Câmara de Macau ao [secretário de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos, D. Marcos de Noronha e Brito, conde dos Arcos], que paga ao capitão da galera “Diana”, as passagens de dois padres da propaganda oriundos do Rio de Janeiro para Macau. (A.H.U. - MACAU, cx. 44, doc. n^o 30). (1818). [Ofício]. Portugal. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.

Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria, governador e capitão-geral de Macau. (1813). Ofício do [governador e capitão-geral de Macau], Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria, ao [secretário de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos, D. João de Almeida Melo e Castro] (conde das Galveias), que informa sobre a oposição do Bispo de Pequim, D. Joaquim de Sousa Saraiva, à observância das ordens sobre o missionário da Propaganda, Ferreti. (A.H.U. - MACAU, cx. 35, doc. n^o 34) [Ofício]. Portugal. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.

Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira. (1813). Ofício do [ouvidor-geral de Macau, conselheiro] Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, ao [secretário de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos, D. João de Almeida Melo e Castro, conde das Galveias], sobre a expulsão do padre Ferreti, da Propaganda Fide, e sobre o destino a dar ao Seminário de Macau. (A.H.U. - MACAU, cx. 35, doc. n^o 7) [Ofício]. Portugal. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.

Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, desembargador e ouvidor de Macau. (1811). Ofício do ouvidor de Macau, desembargador Miguel de Arriaga Brum a Silveira, ao [secretário de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos, D. João de Almeida Melo e Castro, conde das Galveias]; sobre um historial relativo à participação dos estrangeiros na cristianização da China; sobre a divisão territorial dos bispados e sobre o parecer respeitante aos procuradores da “Propaganda” padres Letondal e Marchini. (A.H.U - MACAU, cx. 32, doc. n^o 9) [Ofício]. Portugal. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.

Obs.: Ofício nº 22. 1 anexo.

João de Almeida Melo e Castro, secretário de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos. (1810). Ofício (minuta) do [secretário de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos, D. João de Almeida Melo e Castro, conde das Galveias], ao ouvidor de Macau, desembargador Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, que informa sobre a necessidade de afastar da China os missionários da Propaganda; sobre o pedido de informações relativo aos propagandistas estabelecidos em Macau e em especial do procurador Cláudio Francisco Letondal; sobre a forma de controlar a entrada de missionários em Macau. (A.H.U - MACAU, cx. 30, doc. n^o 40) [Ofício]. Portugal. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.