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This collection of diplomatic correspondence from 1902 to 1909 examines the exchange of missionary jurisdiction over Hainan Island from Portugal to France, highlighting the geopolitical and religious intricacies involved. The core contention arose from the strategic exchange of French control over Hainan (previously under Portuguese jurisdiction) for their missionary district of Zhaoqing, a negotiation commenced in 1898 and formalized through various decrees between 1903 and 1904, ultimately leading to the French possession of Hainan in October 1908. Key diplomatic actors involved in these discussions included the French and Portuguese governments, the Holy See, and local bishops. The origins of this exchange trace back to the 1857 Concordat between the Holy See and Portugal, which established Hainan under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa. This jurisdiction transitioned to the Bishop of Macao by 1874, but by the late 19th century, as French interests in the region grew, the focus shifted towards consolidating French Catholic influence. Critical incidents that framed this diplomatic saga include the 1903 Propaganda Decree sanctioning the exchange but containing a geographical misallocation, and the 1904 Correction Decree explicitly excluding three sub-prefectures from the jurisdictional transfer. Subsequent years saw disputes over property valuations, allegations of bad faith transactions, particularly by Portuguese missionaries, and tensions that necessitated intervention from both the Holy See and negotiating bodies. Post-transfer concerns culminated in discontent expressed by Bishop Mérel of Canton, who sought additional support to compete against resurgent Protestant missions in Hainan, reflecting the ongoing struggle for religious dominance amidst colonial competition. The Portuguese, initially resistant to relinquishing control, later begrudgingly accepted the terms, reflecting the broader geopolitical maneuvering of France to counteract British and American influence in the region. This correspondence not only illustrates the complex interrelationship between religion and colonial politics in early 20th-century China but also sheds light on the historical significance of missionary exchanges and the ecclesiastical negotiations underpinning them, revealing the intricate dynamics at play in colonial diplomacy
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The documents from 1906-1908 detail a jurisdictional exchange between João Paulino d'Azevedo e Castro, Bishop of Macau, and the Apostolic Prefect of Canton. Mandated by Pontifical Decrees (February 3, 1903; March 16, 1904), the Diocese of Macau was to cede Hainan Island in exchange for the Shao-King (Shew-ing) district. Despite an agreement in 1906, the Prefect of Canton, supported by French missionaries, created delays. The French government, through Foreign Minister S. Pichon, alleged the exchange was stalled by the Bishop of Macau's refusal to pay a 41,073 pataca indemnity for property value differences—a claim Bishop Azevedo e Castro vehemently denied. To resolve the impasse, Bishop Azevedo e Castro traveled to Rome in May 1907. On July 19, 1907, Cardinal Secretary of State Merry del Val issued a definitive decision ordering the exchange to proceed without delay. By March 1908, the French Foreign Ministry instructed its prefect to comply.
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Carta de Cônsul para o Ministro e Secretário de Estado de Negócios Estrangeiros sobre consumo e apreciacão de vinho português.
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The Boletim do Governo Eclesiástico da Diocese de Macau was a periodical published by the Diocese of Macau.
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Termination of the process for P. Jerónimo José da Mata to become coadjutor and successor to the bishop of Macau.
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