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The article analyzes the representation of women in Macau’s history and fiction, arguing that local literature—particularly novels and short stories—can offer alternative models of public and semi-public figuration, distinct from the male protagonists consecrated by Macanese narrative. The author proposes a comparative reading that intersects the historical plausibility of characters with the presence of social, geographical, and anthropological mediations in the construction of the plot. The central argument is that, although female characters frequently appear as “almost real”—with common names and insertion into historically plausible societies—the contrast remains open between Macau’s historical richness and the lesser production of historical novels in Portuguese that recover pre-colonial facts and identities through fiction. Methodologically, the text articulates gender studies and literary analysis, examining particularly the work of Deolinda da Conceição and Henrique de Senna Fernandes, considered relevant for understanding the gallery of situations experienced by women of the Chinese community and the historical-social density conferred upon their narrative worlds. It concludes that, even when not materializing as a “historical novel” in the strict sense, literature evidences close relations with history, functioning as a sociological resource to reconstitute female experiences in Macau, especially during the early twentieth century.
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Henrique de Senna Fernandes, in various instances, professed his deep affection for Macao, endearingly referring to it as his motherland (
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This article proposes a history of health issues in Macao during the nineteenth century, articulating diseases, epidemics, medical practices, and experiences of illness against the backdrop of a structurally deficient hygienic system. The authors argue that the high mortality observed in the city intensified when epidemic outbreaks emerged, favored by precarious sanitary conditions, unequal vulnerability among communities, and insufficient urban infrastructures, such as sanitation and water supply. The methodology is based on a critical reading of nineteenth-century documentary sources and on historical-medical contextualization, allowing for the correlation of seasonal morbidity patterns with environmental and social determinants. It is concluded that the main epidemics—especially plague, cholera, and smallpox—presented recurrent incidence and strong seasonal expression, while other transmissible diseases, although less epidemic, maintained continuous circulation. The text also highlights preventive measures implemented by the authorities (inspection of dwellings, sanitary surveillance of vessels and pipelines, restrictions on certain foods, and intensification of vaccination) and, simultaneously, underscores the material limits of sanitary control in a context of urban expansion without corresponding investment in sewerage networks. Finally, the analysis suggests that disease dynamics were mediated by relations of hygiene, diet, and differential access to resources, producing marked asymmetries between Chinese and Europeans.
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