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A native of Fujian province, Lin Zexu was appointed Imperial Commissioner to halt rampant opium trafficking. Launching a "forcible" opium suppression campaign, he coercively confiscated and destroyed an enormous amount of opium at Humen in June 1839. Meanwhile, he went to Macao to press the Portuguese authorities for cooperation to curb the British opium trade, and the historic Sino-Portuguese meeting was held in Lian Feng Miao (Temple of the Lotus). His commanding role was crucial in the events leading up to the Sino-British animosities. After China’s defeat in the First Opium War, the hardliner was banished to remote Yili in Xinjiang. Before long, he had been rehabilitated to tackle the Taiping Rebellion, but died on his way to take up his new appointment. Posthumously, he has been well remembered on the international stage. In his honour, the United Nations designated 26 June as International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. In recognition of his brief visit to Macao, Lin Zexu has been revered in the prominent area of Lian Feng Miao.
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At the crossroads of the East and the West, the Macanese are an 'emergent' mixed-race minority in Macao. They epitomise an in-between group in the liminal space between two dominant peoples — the Portuguese and the Chinese, and constitute another level of identity in colonial representation. In
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Nestled on the periphery of southern China, tiny Macao has offered profuse inspiration for Deolinda da Conceicao (a Macanese) and Maria Ondina Braga (a Portuguese) to draw up narratives about the Chinese. Translated and collected in---
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Since the avowedly Catholic Portuguese officially settled in 1557, Macao has been fervently brought into contact with the monotheistic Christian faith. Despite the evangelical zeal of missionaries, the majority of the local population has traditionally embraced a religious culture that richly exhibits polytheism and the syncretism of disparate beliefs. The dynamics and complexity of religious syncretism are deftly epitomized in Tianhou, Guanyin, Guandi, and Nuwa, who are enshrined in four notable temples in Macao. In hagiographies, Tianhou—the autochthonous Daoist Goddess of the Sea—and Guanyin—the Avalokitesvara-incarnated Buddhist Goddess of Mercy—were living maidens. They adamantly defied patriarchal authority to be married and died premature deaths. Their ‘undefiled’ virgin bodies duly became quintessential in their paths to ascending to sainthood. Guandi, a historical warrior with flagrant human flaws, was elevated as a ‘divine-human’ to embody the ideal of masculinity that hailed excellence in both literary attainment and martial valor. These three mortals were systematically forged as immortals by statecraft for inclusion into the state-sanctioned religion. In Chinese mythical history, the were-snake Nuwa is the creatrix of the cosmos and the Chinese people. This great goddess fails to stand the test of time, and her worldly roles have been modified, though she still retains her elemental grandeur in the supernatural realm.
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- Journal Article (5)